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The Acadians ((フランス語:Acadiens), ) are the descendants of French colonists who settled in Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries, some of whom are also Metis.〔For information on Metis Acadians see: John Parmenter and Mark Power Robison. The Perils and possibilities of wartime neutrality on the edges of empire: Iroquois and Acadians between the French and British in North America, 1744-1760. Diplomatic History. Vol. 31, No. 2 (April 2007), p. 182; Faragher, A Great and Noble Scheme, 35-48, 146-67, 179-81, 203, 271-77; Daniel Paul, We were not the savages: Micmac perspectives on the collision o European and Aboriginal Civilizations. 1993. 38-67, 86, 97-104; Plank, Unsettled Conquest, 23-39, 70-98, 111-14, 122-38; Mark Power Robison, Maritime frontiers: The evolution of empire in Nova Scotia, 1713-1758 (Ph.D. diss. University of Colorado at Boulder, 2000), 53-84; William Wicken, “26 Augusts 1726: A case study in Mi’kmaq-New England Relationships in the Early 18th Century” Acadiensis XXIII, No. 1. (Autumn, 1995): 20-21; William Wicken, “Re-examining Mi’kmaq-Acadian Relations, 1635-1755” in Vingt Ans Apres:Habitants et Marchands Twenty Years Later. Ed. Sylvie Depatie et al. (Montreal and Kingston, ON, 1998), 93-109.〕〔Morris, Charles. A Brief Survey of Nova Scotia. The Royal Artillery Regimental Library, Woolwich. Morris provides a description of the Acadians: ''"The people are tall and well proportioned, they delight much in wearing long hair, they are of dark complexion, in general, and somewhat of the mixture of Indians; but there are some of a light complexion. They retain the language and customs of their neighbours the French, with a mixed affectation of the native Indians, and imitate them in their haunting and wild tones in their merriment; they are naturally full cheer and merry, subtle, speak and promise fair,..."''〕〔Many of the Acadians and Mi'kmaq people were metis. For example, when Shirley put a bounty on the Mi'kmaq people during King George's War, the Acadians appealed in anxiety to Mascarene because of the "great number of Mulattoes amongst them" (See Bell, Foreign Protestants, p. 405, note 18a).〕〔Pritchard, James. In Search of Empire - The French in the Americas, 1670-1730. p. 36: "Abbé Pierre Maillard claimed that racial intermixing had proceeded so far by 1753 that in fifty years it would be impossible to distinguish Amerindian from French in Acadia." 〕 The colony was located in what is now Eastern Canada's Maritime provinces (Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island), as well as part of Quebec, and present-day Maine to the Kennebec River. Although today most of the Acadians and Québécois are French speaking (francophone) Canadians, Acadia was a distinctly separate colony of New France. It was geographically and administratively separate from the French colony of Canada (modern-day Quebec). As a result, the Acadians and Québécois developed two distinct histories and cultures.〔Landry, Nicolas and Lang, Nicole (2001) ''Histoire de l'Acadie'', Septentrion, Quebec, 340 p., ISBN 2-89448-177-2〕 They also developed a slightly different French language. France has one official language and to accomplish this they have an administration in charge of the language. Since the Acadians were separated from this council, their French language evolved independently, and Acadians retain several elements of 17th-century French that have been lost in France. The settlers whose descendants became Acadians came from many areas in France, but especially regions such as Ile de France, Normandy, Brittany, Poitou and Aquitaine.〔Naomi E. S Griffiths. ''From Migrant to Acadian'', McGill-Queen's University Press. 2005.p. 47. Acadian family names have come from many areas in France. For example, the Maillets are from Paris; the LeBlancs of Normandy; the surname Melanson is from Brittany, and those with the surname Bastarache and Basque came from the Basque Country. 〕 The Acadians lived for almost 80 years in Acadia, prior to the British Siege of Port Royal in 1710. After the Conquest, they lived under British rule for the next forty-five years. During the French and Indian War (the North American theatre of the Seven Years' War), British colonial officers suspected they were aiding the French. The British, together with New England legislators and militia, carried out the Great Expulsion of 1755–1764 during and after the war years. They deported approximately 11,500 Acadians from the maritime region. Approximately one-third perished from disease and drowning.〔("The Deportation of the Acadians from Ile St.-Jean, 1758" by Earle Lockerby ), Acadiensis Vol. XXVII, No. 2 Spring/Printemps 1998〕 Although one historian compared this event to contemporary ethnic cleansing, other historians suggested that the event is comparable with other deportations in history.〔See John Faragher. ''Great and Noble Scheme'', Norton. 2005.〕 Many Acadians migrated to Spanish colonial Luisiana, present day Louisiana state, where they developed what became known as Cajun culture. Others were transported to France.〔Jean-Francois Mouhot (2009) ''Les Réfugiés acadiens en France (1758–1785): L'impossible réintégration?'', Quebec, Septentrion, 456 p. 2-89448-513-1; Ernest Martin, ''Les Exilés Acadiens en France et leur installation dans le Poitou'', Paris, Hachette, 1936〕 Some of those were settled secondarily to Louisiana by Henri Peyroux de la Coudreniere. Later on, many Acadians returned to the Maritime provinces of Canada, most specifically New Brunswick. Most who returned ended up in New Brunswick because they were barred by the British from resettling their lands and villages in the land that became Nova Scotia. Before the U.S. Revolutionary War, the Crown settled New England Planters then after the war, Loyalists (including nearly 3,000 Black Loyalists - freed slaves) in former Acadian communities and farmland. British policy was to assimilate Acadians with the local populations where they resettled.〔 Acadians speak a dialect of French called Acadian French. Many of those in the Moncton, New Brunswick area speak Chiac and English. The Louisiana Cajun descendants speak a dialect of American English called Cajun English, with several also speaking Cajun French, a close relative of the original dialect from Canada later influenced by Spanish and West African languages. ==Pre-deportation history== During the seventeenth century, about sixty French families were established in Acadia. They developed friendly relations with the Wabanaki Confederacy (particularly the Mi'kmaq), learning their hunting and fishing techniques. The Acadians lived mainly in the coastal regions of the Bay of Fundy; farming land reclaimed from the sea through diking. Living in a contested borderland region between French Quebec and British territories, the Acadians often became entangled in the conflict between the powers. Over a period of seventy-four years, six wars took place in Acadia and Nova Scotia in which the Confederacy and some Acadians fought to keep the British from taking over the region (See the four French and Indian Wars as well as Father Rale's War and Father Le Loutre's War). While France lost political control of Acadia in 1710, the Mí'kmaq did not concede land to the British. Along with some Acadians, the Mi'kmaq used military force to resist the founding of British (Protestant) settlements by making numerous raids on Halifax, Dartmouth, Lawrencetown and Lunenburg. During the French and Indian War, the Mi'kmaq assisted the Acadians in resisting the British during the Expulsion of the Acadians.〔Faragher, John Mack, ''A Great and Noble Scheme,'' New York; W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. pp. 110–112 ISBN 0-393-05135-8; John Grenier. ''Far Reaches of Empire: War In Nova Scotia'', University of Oklahoma Press, 2008〕 The British Conquest of Acadia happened in 1710. Over the next forty-five years the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. Many were influenced by Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, who from his arrival in 1738 until his capture in 1755 preached against the 'English devils'.〔Parkman, Francis: "Montcalm and Wolfe"〕 During this time period Acadians participated in various militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French Fortress of Louisbourg and Fort Beausejour.〔John Grenier, Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia 1710–1760. Oklahoma University Press. 2008〕 During the French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize any military threat Acadians posed and to interrupt the vital supply lines Acadians provided to Louisbourg by deporting Acadians from Acadia. Many Acadians might have signed an unconditional oath to the British monarchy had the circumstances been better, while other Acadians did not sign because they were clearly anti-British. For the Acadians who might have signed an unconditional oath, there were numerous reasons why they did not. The difficulty was partly religious, in that the British monarch was the head of the (Protestant) Church of England. Another significant issue was that an oath might commit male Acadians to fight against France during wartime. A related concern was whether their Mi'kmaq neighbours might perceive this as acknowledging the British claim to Acadia rather than the Mi'kmaq. As a result, signing an unconditional oath might have put Acadian villages in dangers of attack from Mi'kmaq.〔Ried, John. Nova Scotia: A Pocket History. Fernwood Publishing. 2009. p. 49.〕 In the Great Expulsion (''le Grand Dérangement''), after the Battle of Fort Beauséjour beginning in August 1755 under Lieutenant Governor Lawrence, approximately 11,500 Acadians (three-quarters of the Acadian population in Nova Scotia) were expelled, their lands and property confiscated, and in some cases their homes burned. The Acadians were deported throughout the British eastern seaboard colonies from New England to Georgia. Although measures were taken during the embarkation of the Acadians to the transport ship, some families became split up. Thousands were transported to France. Most of the Acadians who went to Louisiana were transported there from France on 5 Spanish ships provided by the Spanish Crown to populate their Louisiana colony and provide farmers to supply New Orleans. The Spanish had hired agents to seek out the dispossessed Acadians in Brittany and the effort was kept secret so as not to anger the French King. These new arrivals from France joined the earlier wave expelled from Acadia, creating the Cajun population and culture. The Spanish forced the Acadians they had transported to settle along the Mississippi River, to block British expansion, rather than Western Louisiana where many of them had family and friends and where it was much easier to farm. Rebels among them marched to New Orleans and ousted the Spanish governor. The Spanish later sent infantry from other colonies to put down the rebellion and execute the leaders. After the rebellion in December of 1769 the Spanish Governor O'Reilly permitted the Acadians who had settled across the river from Natchez to resettle on the Iberville or Amite river closer to New Orleans.〔Holmes, Jack D.L. (1970). A Guide to Spanish Louisiana, 1762-1806. New Orleans: A.F. Laborde. p. 5.〕 A second and smaller expulsion occurred when the British took control of the North Shore of what is now New Brunswick. After the fall of Quebec the British lost interest and many Acadians returned to British North America, settling in coastal villages not occupied by American colonists. A few of these had evaded the British for several years but the brutal winter weather eventually forced them to surrender. Some returnees settled in the region of Fort Sainte-Anne, now Fredericton, but were later displaced by the arrival of the United Empire Loyalists after the American Revolution. In 2003, at the request of Acadian representatives, Queen Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada issued a Royal Proclamation acknowledging the deportation and establishing July 28 as an annual day of commemoration, beginning in 2005. The day is called the "Great Upheaval" on some English-language calendars. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Acadians」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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